1, the new energy automotive battery types
From a global perspective of the development of new energy vehicles, including its power supply lithium-ion batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, fuel cells, lead-acid batteries, supercapacitors [2], where lead-acid batteries, super capacitors mostly in the form of an auxiliary power source appears.
A: Lead-acid batteries
Lead-acid battery has been 100 years of history, is widely used as the starting power source for internal combustion engine vehicles. It is also a mature electric vehicle batteries, it reliability, easy to get raw materials, cheap; can basically meet the specific power are the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major drawbacks; one lower than the energy, mass and volume occupied too much mileage and shorter charge time; the other is that life is short, the use of high cost.
B: Ni-MH battery
Ni-MH batteries are alkaline batteries, Ni-MH battery cycle life is longer, no memory effect, but the price is higher. Its initial acquisition cost may be high, but because of its advantages of energy and life, so the actual use of its long-term cost is not high. At present foreign produce nickel-metal hydride batteries for electric car company is Ovonie, Toyota and Matsushita, a joint venture. Ovonie existing 80A · h and 130A · h two-cell battery, the specific energy of 75-80W · h / kg, cycle life of more than 600 times.Dell Inspiron 6000 Adapter The batteries installed in several electric vehicles on the trial, one type of car on a single charge can travel 345km, a car of the year driving for more than 80,000 km. Because higher prices have not yet mass production. China has developed 55A · h and 100A · h cell battery, than the energy of 65 W · h / kg, power density than nickel-metal hydride batteries 800W/kg.
C: Lithium-ion battery
Lithium ion secondary batteries as a new high voltage, high energy density rechargeable batteries, and its unique physical and electrochemical properties, a wide range of civilian and defense applications prospects. Its outstanding features are: light weight, large storage, no pollution, no memory effect, long service life. Under the weight of the same size, storage capacity of lithium batteries is 1.6 times the nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium battery 4 times, and the current human development and utilization of only its theoretical capacity of 20% to 30% and the outlook is very bright . At the same time it is a real green battery, no pollution to the environment, is the best electric car can be applied to the battery. Beginning of the nineties from the twentieth century, the development and use of lithium-ion battery, a breakthrough has been made so far, developed a completely independent intellectual property rights of lithium-ion batteries.
D: Ni-Cd Battery
Nickel-cadmium batteries are widely used second only to lead-acid batteries, the specific energy of up to 55W · h / kg, than the power of more than 190W/kg. Fast charge, long cycle life is more than twice the lead-acid batteries can be achieved by 2000 many times, but the price of lead-acid battery 4 to 5 times. Its initial acquisition cost may be high, but because of its advantages of energy and life, so the actual use of its long-term cost is not high. Is a “memory effect”, easy as a result of poor charging and discharging the battery available capacity decreases. To be in use after about ten times for a complete charge and discharge, if you have the “memory effect” should be a continuous period of 3 to 5 times fully charge and discharge, to free memory. Addition of toxic cadmium, the use of sense to do recovery work,Dell Inspiron 1300 Adapter so as not to cause environmental cadmium pollution.
E: sodium sulfur batteries
Sodium sulfur battery advantages: one is higher than the energy. The theoretical specific energy of 760W · h / kg, actually more than 100W · h / kg, lead-acid battery is 3 to 4 times; the other is high current, high power discharge. The discharge current density is generally up to 200 ~ 300mA/mm2, and instantaneous time can be 3 times the release of its inherent energy; another one is the charge and discharge efficiency. As a result of the solid electrolyte, so there is no liquid electrolyte secondary battery is usually the kind of self-discharge and side effects, charge and discharge current efficiency was almost 100%. Sodium sulfur battery shortcomings, mainly its working temperature of 300 ~ 350 ℃, so when the battery needs some heat insulation. Severe corrosion in high temperature, battery life is shorter. Now have high-performance vacuum insulation technology, can effectively solve this problem. Stability and performance are also not ideal to use safety issues. 80 to 90 years, focusing on the development f sodium sulfur batteries abroad as a fixed occasions (such as power storage) applications, and increasingly shows its superiority. Progress in this regard the most significant Japanese companies. As the generally optimistic about the recent battery electric vehicles, has been the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USMABC) as the medium-term development of electric car batteries, produced by the German ABB B240K Sodium sulfur battery, the quality of 17.5kg, storage capacity 19.2Kw · h; than the energy of 109W · h / kg, 1200 times the service life cycle, a loading test, the best problem-free driving for 2300km.
2 types of new energy automotive batteries advantage
February 2009, the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Science issued a “energy-saving and new energy vehicle demonstration and extension of financial subsidies for Interim Measures,Dell Inspiron 1720 Adapter” mentions the use of lead-acid batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion battery hybrid types subsidies for the vehicles, the maximum subsidy was 80,000 yuan / vehicle and 42 yuan / vehicle. The June 2010 release of subsidies for new energy vehicles in order to determine the battery capacity as the only indicator of subsidies, lead-acid battery was completely negative. Early definition of new energy vehicles, including a project lead-acid batteries, but this clearly does not include subsidies for lead-acid batteries power batteries. But also as the main nickel-metal hydride hybrid battery will also be less subsidies. Can be seen, at the policy level, the lithium-ion battery and super capacitor to benefit the largest object.
3, the new trend in energy prices car batteries
The price trend, the current electric vehicle fast charge lithium-ion battery prices in the $ 1600/kwh about ordinary lithium-ion battery prices in the $ 500/kwh, according to the current U.S. gasoline and electricity price trends, in the car’s entire life cycle inside, 100km endurance of fast-charge lithium-ion battery electric vehicles to use performance rather than the cost of gasoline internal combustion engine cars 25% higher. Once the electric vehicle battery price drops to $ 200-300/kwh, electric vehicles and conventional vehicles using the cost will be considerable. According to projections, the relevant policies in the country, encouraged by 2020 the global demand for electric vehicles using lithium-ion close 50Gwh, fast-charge the battery cost is expected to decline in 2020 to $ 400-500/kwh, common battery prices could fall to $ 200-300/kwh .
New Energy Vehicle Charging Station
Car charging stations and gas stations similar to a “power” device. Is a high efficiency battery charger, you can quickly give mobile phone charging electric cars electric vehicles.
China Southern Power Grid, as energy conservation and new energy automotive applications, the demonstration pilot, Guangzhou City, the first public electric car charging stations 8 November 2010 put into operation in the Asian Games, the charging station is located in Nansha Port Expressway and Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway, between sets charging service facilities and sales offices in one, 24-hour service charge pile, built on-site purchase of electricity on-site charge and a quick passage, but also the Asian Games City “exclusive” business outlets.
China Southern Power Grid implementation of the charging station charging technology developed standards for three-phase electric cars charging power supply, technical standards, compared with another single-phase power, three-phase power output capacity per unit time is the three times, charging efficiency, spend less time. Rated power of 21 kW AC charging a single pile, for example, is full of an electric car only 3 hours, reducing the time cost of using electric vehicles. The rechargeable battery charging station is not only convenient, but also in the introduction of the second phase construction of convenience stores and other convenience facilities.
Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, 2015, completed 61 bus charging stations,Dell Inspiron 1750 Adapter 54 public charging stations, slow Chong Chongdian pile 80110, covering the city’s 12 districts and counties. Power companies will be the first test the water, leading the green energy trend.
Compared with traditional cameras, digital cameras when shooting night by the technical limitations can not be second exposure, the dark details of the performance to be relatively worse, in order to perfect the performance of the scene shot on a series of setbacks have cost . For friends new to digital photography, how to use digital cameras to shoot the perfect night?
The more words the night more beautiful city for the night is really just the right terms, the city that never sleeps with rich colors, bright lights, this night’s shooting has become a subject of photography. Although the digital camera difficult night, but we can rely on timely prosecution LCD screen exposure situation, by adjusting the color temperature can be more satisfied with the color.
1. Night shooting also pay attention to the location
Night shooting also pay attention to location choice? The answer is definitely yes! Dazzling lights at night can be said is a prerequisite for night shooting, no lights or light rare objects can not be shown, or performance is not clear. With enough light, not only can make an object present level, can make the picture brighter and clearer. Therefore, select the appropriate location is very important.
2. Night shooting equipment, some stress
While any digital camera can shoot a night scene, but the equipment will ultimately determine the difference between the effect of the film. Must first have an offer aperture priority, shutter priority functions, exposure compensation function of the digital camera. Around the film because the effect of light interference and even easier to spot the formation of a digital camera’s lens hood you can easily solve the above problem, if no hood would also be temporary with a large book or other objects that block.
In addition, most of the time shooting night take a long time exposure, hand-held shooting is basically impossible, so need to use a tripod to a fixed camera. If the camera shutter release cable or remote control with the words of the film easier to shoot a clear (if not both, you can try to use the camera’s self-timer function), like the Olympus 5050 were equipped with such a small annex, in the night shooting in will be of great use. For starters, if there is not the time to select the side of the road can be adapted to local conditions half the height of railings or walls used for fixed cameras. When there is no relying on something, you can try to use the high value and large aperture for light-sensitive handheld shooting.
3. Night shoot combat skills
Many high-end digital cameras offer P (auto), A (aperture priority), S (shutter priority),Canon BG-E4 battery grip M (manual) exposure shooting modes, in addition to most of the digital camera scene modes are provided, the most common The model is two night mode and macro mode. For starters, use the night mode to shoot digital camera is the most convenient and effective method. If your camera does not provide a scene shooting modes, you need to pay attention when shooting the following aspects:
4. Aperture and shutter
Under normal circumstances, in addition to special needs, we like to use a smaller aperture (F8 to about 11 or so) to increase the exposure time. Smaller aperture can make the same vision and clear and detailed close-range images, in particular, a store window display of neon signs can be clearly, otherwise it will form into a ball of light neon signs, it looks blurred. Interestingly, as long as the exposure time long enough, the road pedestrians will not appear in the picture (due to people moving, in the long exposure, the human figure will become obvious), but the car is driving on the road will form a dynasty in the Shadow (aperture F7, 12 seconds long exposure, ISO value of 160). If you want the night to shoot people in the main, then have to use a larger aperture (F5.6 or so, much will bokeh) or the use of high sensitivity (ISO) to increase the shutter speed.
5. Accurate metering
I believe most people find difficult shooting night the place is metering out. When long-distance shooting night, the black sky will affect the camera’s metering readings, so that over-exposure photos taken. In addition, if the shooting affected by spotlights or other bright light, to some extent pictures will be underexposed. Most digital cameras have a wide range of metering modes, and therefore should correspond to the actual situation of the metering mode selection. Because different metering mode will directly affect the accuracy of the photo exposure. In order to capture the charming night, it is best to do when shooting twelve appropriate exposure compensation adjustment. If you use the shutter priority or aperture priority mode when shooting, very often the phenomenon of over-exposure can also occur, then how to adjust the exposure compensation value to a lot of people have tried the.
6. How to use the white balance
Select a different white balance, will directly affect the expression of the photo and the colors the mood. Generally do not choose automatic white balance, this will affect the color of the light inherent to make sense out specific color temperature. If the shooting city night, then in general we will use the Tungsten (incandescent light) white balance, white balance as close to light by this effect. Of course, this is not absolute, depending on the environment.
7. Night of the focus
As an ordinary digital camera focus sensor with low contrast and low brightness of the scene is difficult to accurately focus, so the focus during the night shooting, try to sharpen the focus will be on bright scenes, aligning the focus of the composition and then lock the focus . Of course, you can switch to manual focus, the use of LCD to view the focusing effect. Rough estimate of the distance between the scene and the camera, and then the numerical LCD display, select the appropriate focal length.
Apart from the above aspects, the night in the shooting is best to avoid using the flash when doing so would undermine the atmosphere, and the general shooting randomly flash in the night but there is no much effect. Good night you want to shoot the film, in addition to lots of pictures, we should also look at other people shoot the film, learn film techniques and methods.